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Toto language - Wikipedia. Toto is a Sino- Tibetan language spoken on the border of India and Bhutan, by the tribal Toto people in Totopara, West Bengal along the border with Bhutan. It is also spoken in Subhapara, Dhunchipara, and Panchayatpara hillocks on India- Bhutan border in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal (Ethnologue).
Toto is listed as a critically endangered language by UNESCO, with perhaps 1,0. Most children learn Toto at home, although they use Bengali in school.
Anthropological Survey of India (An. SI) set out to conduct a study on language of the primitive Toto tribe, whose population has dwindled to 1,5.
Researchers and even the members of Toto community admit that the language is under threat and influence of other languages, particularly Nepali and Bengali, is increasing day by day. Despite the language lacking a script, members of the community, whose literacy rate as per sample survey carried out in 2. Bengali script. Himalayan Languages Project have arguably contributed more to advancing Tibeto- Burman linguistics than all other working scholars combined. George van Driem outlines the contributions of linguistics, archaeology and genetics to the population history of the greater Himalayan region. He emphasizes the role of genetics in the study of Tibeto- Burman linguistics.
The phonemes of this language are as follows: Vowels: These are 6 vowel phonemes in Toto language. They can be classified horizontally into three as front unrounded, central unrounded and back rounded vowels and vertically as close, close- mid, open- mid and open. The following minimal pairs establish the phonetics status of the vowel/i/~/u//Jiya/ . These are /ei/, /ai/, /oi/, /ui/, /.
Diphthong /ui/ occurs in all positions, /eu/ occurs initial and medial positions, /ai/, /oi/, /. While /ou/ and /au/ occur only in the medial positions.
Toto, Society and Change: A Sub- Himalayan Tribe of West Bengal. Firma KLM. Basumatary, C.
The Phonological Study of Toto Language. Language in India, 1. Retrieved February 9, 2. Chaudhuri, B. Tribal Transformation in India. New Delhi, India: Inter- India Publications. Doherty, B. India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words.
Retrieved February 8, 2. Grierson, George A. Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, Part 1, Tibeto- Burman family. Specimens of the Tibetan dialects, the Himalayan dialects and the North Assam group. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. Endangered Languages in India.
International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 1. Retrieved February 9, 2. En. cfm. Singh, S. Toto Language More Endangered Than Tribe.
Retrieved February 8, 2. Van Driem, G., & Bronkhorst, J. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (pp. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub. Van Driem, G. South Asia and Middle East. Moseley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (pp. London and New York: Routledge.